[60] Taken unawares, the court fled to Paris in disarray. Jeanne finally agreed to the marriage between her son and Margaret, so long as Henry could remain a Huguenot. On 27 September 1567, in a swoop known as the Surprise of Meaux, Huguenot forces attempted to ambush the king, triggering renewed civil war. [117] After Catherine's death, a decline in the quality of French portraiture set in. To create the necessary dramas, music, and scenic effects for these events, Catherine employed the leading artists and architects of the day. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Catherine-de-Medici, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Catherine de' Medici, History Learning Site - Biography of Catherine de Medici, Lorenzo di Piero de’ Medici, duca di Urbino. In 1537, he had a brief affair with Philippa Duci, who gave birth to a daughter, whom he publicly acknowledged. Henry was a prize catch for Catherine, who, despite her wealth, was of common origin. The death of Pope Leo in 1521 briefly interrupted Medici power until Cardinal Giulio de' Medici was elected Pope Clement VII in 1523. [50] On 1 March 1562, however, in an incident known as the Massacre of Vassy, the Duke of Guise and his men attacked worshipping Huguenots in a barn at Vassy (Wassy), killing 74 and wounding 104. On 25 November 1579, she wrote to the king, "You are on the eve of a general revolt. As dauphine, Catherine was expected to provide a future heir to the throne. [133] Barbara Ketcham Wheaton and Stephen Mennell provided the definitive arguments against these claims. Anyone who tells you differently is a liar. PHILADELPHIA, PA 19111 . For the next thirty years, France found itself in a state of either civil war or armed truce.[52]. Prince Henry showed no interest in Catherine as a wife; instead, he openly took mistresses. [8] Leo made Catherine Duchess of Urbino but annexed most of the Duchy of Urbino to the Papal States, only permitting Florence to keep the Fortress of San Leo. According to a contemporary chronicler, when Catherine was born, her parents were "as pleased as if it had been a boy". Some historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, though evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters. She seemed destined for a life of ease and luxury. [49] In January 1562, Catherine issued the tolerant Edict of Saint-Germain in a further attempt to build bridges with the Protestants. On her visit to Rome, the Venetian envoy described Catherine as "small of stature, and thin, and without delicate features, but having the protruding eyes peculiar to the Medici family". The legend that de' Medici introduced a long list of foods, techniques and utensils from Italy to France for the first time is a myth routinely discredited by most food historians. She was educated by nuns in Florence and in Rome. For the first ten years of the marriage, the royal couple failed to produce any children together. One of her first acts was to force Diane de Poitiers to hand over the crown jewels and return the Château de Chenonceau to the crown. In what has been called a coup d'état, the Cardinal of Lorraine and the Duke of Guise—whose niece, Mary, Queen of Scots, had married Francis II the year before—seized power the day after Henry II's death and quickly moved themselves into the Louvre Palacewith the young couple. [74] Coligny was carried to his lodgings at the Hôtel de Béthisy, where the surgeon Ambroise Paré removed a bullet from his elbow and amputated a damaged finger with a pair of scissors. [122] Owing to its synthesis of dance, music, verse, and setting, the production of the Ballet Comique de la Reine in 1581 is regarded by scholars as the first authentic ballet. However, the death of her uncle, the Medici Pope Clement VII, on 25 September 1534 undermined Catherine's standing in the French court. In this cause, he recruited the great Catholic princes, nobles and prelates, signed the treaty of Joinville with Spain, and prepared to make war on the "heretics". Even so, he respected Catherine's status as his consort. Babelon, Jean-Pierre. He cites Cloulas (. In the words of historian Jules Michelet, "St Bartholomew was not a day, but a season". As Guise entered the king's chamber, the Forty-five plunged their blades into his body, and he died at the foot of the king's bed. Catherine de' Medici's patronage of the arts, Children of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici, Marseille 13: Eglise Saint-Ferréol les Augustins, "The "infertility" of Catherine de Medici and its influence on 16th century France", "History's Black Widow: The Legend of Catherine de Medici", Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess of the Palatinate, Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Princess Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily, Genealogical tables of the House of Medici, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&oldid=1011208833, French people of the French Wars of Religion, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de Medici. He shouted at her, "Your words, Madam, have led us all to this butchery. Catherine and the king then beat her, ripping her nightclothes and pulling out handfuls of her hair.[69]. She was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic–Huguenot wars ( Wars of Religion; 1562–98). Membership requires a $100 one … "[110] She left in tears. [103] When Catherine tried to go to Mass, she found her way barred, though she was allowed through the barricades. Dopo la tragica morte di suo marito – il re di Francia Henri II – Caterina portò il lutto fino alla fine dei suoi giorni. [136], The earliest known reference to Catherine as the popularizer of Italian culinary innovation is the entry for "cuisine" in Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopédie published in 1754, which describes haute cuisine as decadent and effeminate and explains that fussy sauces and fancy fricassees arrived in France via "that crowd of corrupt Italians who served at the court of Catherine de' Medici. The complexity of Catherine’s position during these years cannot be briefly explained. Caterina de’ Medici Regina di Francia (Firenze 1519-Blois 1589). Catherine’s second great political crisis came with the premature death on December 5, 1560, of Francis II, whose royal authority the Guises had monopolized. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Catherine, in bed with a lung infection, had been kept in the dark. The 10 years from 1560 to 1570 were, politically, the most important of Catherine’s life. Catherine de Medici (born Caterina Maria Romola di Lorenzo de Medici; April 13, 1519-January 5, 1589) was a member of the powerful Italian Medici family who became queen consort of France through her marriage to King Henry II. Kill them all! She was not primarily responsible for the more far-reaching Treaty of Saint-Germain (August 1570), but she succeeded in disgracing the Guises. Learn More > Student Dining—Dinner Menu. [73] A smoking arquebus was discovered in a window, but the culprit had made his escape from the rear of the building on a waiting horse. However, Catherine was able to maintain the monarchy and the state institutions functioning- even at a minimum level. "[110] She visited her old friend Cardinal de Bourbon on 1 January 1589 to tell him she was sure he would soon be freed. At the age of five and a half, Mary was brought to the French court, where she was promised to the Dauphin, Francis. But she was unable to avert its revocation (August 1568), which heralded the third civil war. He planned to block Henry of Navarre's succession and place Henry's Catholic uncle Cardinal Charles de Bourbon on the throne instead. From this time dates the legend of the wicked Italian queen. Caterina de Medici is very similar to blackwork but worked on a large count – 16 to 19 thread count – linen and stitched with a heavy cotton yarn. Catherine wrote to Henry of Charles IX's death: "I am grief-stricken to have witnessed such a scene and the love which he showed me at the end ... My only consolation is to see you here soon, as your kingdom requires, and in good health, for if I were to lose you, I would have myself buried alive with you. He often hid from state affairs, immersing himself in acts of piety, such as pilgrimages and flagellation. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Knecht 1998, p. 8 (dates of death); Héritier 1963, p. 15 (cause of Madeleine's death). Duchessina: A Novel of Catherine de' Medici (Young Royals, #5) Carolyn Meyer (Goodreads Author) Her ability and eloquence were acclaimed after the Spanish victory of Saint-Quentin in Picardy in 1557, possibly the origin of her perpetual fear of Spain, which remained, through changing circumstances, the touchstone of her judgments. Catherine quickly conceived again and on 2 April 1545 she bore a daughter, Elisabeth. [41] Others they drowned in the river or strung up around the battlements while Catherine and the court watched. The regency was traditionally the preserve of the princes of the blood. Knecht 1998, p. 28, gives likely incorrect dates of 25 September 1533 for the death of Pope Clement VII and 12 October for the election of Pope Paul III. [75] Whatever the truth, the bloodbath that followed was soon beyond the control of Catherine or any other leader. Therefore, her policies may be seen as desperate measures to keep the Valois monarchy on the throne at all costs and her patronage of the arts as an attempt to glorify a monarchy (whose prestige was in steep decline). King Henry took part in the jousting, sporting Diane's black-and-white colours. Henry hired Swiss troops to help him defend himself in Paris. In 1570, Charles IX married Elisabeth of Austria, daughter of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor. On 12 May 1588, they set up barricades in the streets and refused to take orders from anyone except the Duke of Guise. However, she failed to fully grasp the theological issues that drove their movement. The Florentine people called her duchessina ("the little duchess"), in deference to her unrecognised claim to the Duchy of Urbino. "[81], Henry was Catherine's favourite son. He depended on Catherine and her team of secretaries until the last few weeks of her life. The League took control of much of northern France to secure French ports for his armada. No online reservations are available for this event. Had a twin sister who was stillborn. In, This page was last edited on 9 March 2021, at 16:59. Thus occupied, Catherine lived privately though she was appointed regent in 1552 during Henry’s absence at the siege of Metz. L'Estoile wrote: "those close to her believed that her life had been shortened by displeasure over her son's deed. From The Bar. Catherine de’ Medici was Queen of France from 1547 until 1559 and Queen Mother from 1559 to 1589. Despite her optimism, the resulting Colloquy of Poissy ended in failure on 13 October 1561, dissolving itself without her permission. March 2021. Il ritratto è considerato una delle più fedeli rappresentazioni della Medici: Era nata a Firenze il 13 aprile 1519, figlia di Lorenzo de’ Medici, Duca di Urbino e della Contessa francese Maddalena de la Tour d’Auvergne. Although Catherine spent ruinous sums on the arts,[131] most of her patronage left no permanent legacy. Nota come «la regina madre» per aver generato tre sovrani di Francia (Francesco II, Carlo IX ed Enrico III), ebbe una grande e duratura influenza nella vita politica dello Stato. [85] On 6 May 1576, Catherine gave in to almost all Huguenot demands in the Edict of Beaulieu. The chronicler L'Estoile reported that she cried all through her lunch that day. During this time, she presided over a distinctive late French Renaissance culture in all branches of the arts. Thenceforth the problem of religion was one of power, public order, and administration. Once in control of the royal purse, she launched a programme of artistic patronage that lasted for three decades. The wedding, a grand affair marked by extravagant display and gift-giving,[18] took place in the Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins in Marseille on 28 October 1533. As such, Ristorante Caterina de’ Medici remains closed to the public until further notice. Catherine also gave patronage to the Ruggeri brothers, who were renowned astrologers, but were also known for their involvement in necromancy and the black arts. She was crowned in the basilica of Saint-Denis on 10 June 1549. His interest in the tasks of government, however, proved fitful. Catherine’s first great political crisis came in July 1559 upon the accidental death of Henry II, a traumatic bereavement from which it is doubtful that she ever recovered. Unlike the proposals of Poissy, the edict was law, which the Protestants accepted and the Catholics rejected. On 5 January 1589, Catherine died at the age of sixty-nine, probably from pleurisy. The Parisians, however, claimed the right to defend the city themselves. In many parts of France the rule of nobles held sway rather than that of the crown. [91] On her return to Paris in 1579, she was greeted outside the city by the Parlement and crowds. His troops surprised the rebels and killed many of them on the spot, including the commander, La Renaudie. The project was designed by Linda Leone and will be taught by Linda. He was tried in November, found guilty of offences against the crown, and sentenced to death. Catherine was also eager for a match between one of her two youngest sons and Elizabeth I of England. Because their birth very nearly cost Catherine her life, the king's physician advised the king that there should be no more children; therefore, Henry II stopped visiting his wife's bedroom and spent all his time with his longtime mistress, Diane de Poitiers. In 1578, she took on the task of pacifying the south. Possibly Catherine’s most concrete achievement was the Edict of January 1562, which followed the failure of reconciliation. François Clouet drew and painted portraits of all Catherine's family and of many members of the court. Catherine de’ Medici, also called Catherine de Médicis, Italian Caterina de’ Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]—died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 1547–59) and subsequently regent of France (1560–74), who was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic–Huguenot wars. Victoria (24 June 1556 – August 1556). She was not strictly entitled to a role in Francis's government, because he was deemed old enough to rule for himself. [138] To some, Catherine and Henry's inability to produce an heir for the first ten years of their marriage gave rise to suspicion of witchcraft. Main Article: Catherine de' Medici/Appearance Catherine has long strawberry blonde hair which she usually wears tied up in a variety of different buns. It spread to many parts of France, where it persisted into the autumn. Nevertheless, Catherine was never formally accused or prosecuted despite the fact that her reign experienced the greatest number of prosecutions for Witchcraft in Italy. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [139] An infertile woman, and in particular an infertile queen, was therefore regarded as 'unnatural' and a small step from supernatural. [113], Catherine believed in the humanist ideal of the learned Renaissance prince whose authority depended on letters as well as arms. Both of her parents died within weeks of her birth, leaving her an orphan. Hoogvliet, Margriet. Catherine met Coligny, but he refused to back down. [105] The king's actions effectively ended her days of power. The imperial ambassador reported that in the presence of guests, Henry would sit on Diane's lap and play the guitar, chat about politics, or fondle her breasts. "[111] He added that she had no sooner died than she was treated with as much consideration as a dead goat. He sent the Duke of Alba to tell Catherine to scrap the Edict of Amboise and to find punitive solutions to the problem of heresy. From that day, Catherine took a broken lance as her emblem, inscribed with the words "lacrymae hinc, hinc dolor" ("from this come my tears and my pain"), and wore black mourning in memory of Henry.[34]. Dapprima eclissata dalla favorita Diana di Poitiers, alla morte del marito (1559) e più ancora alla morte del figlio primogenito Francesco II (1560), divenne arbitra del regno, come tutrice del giovane re Carlo IX. The treaty was sealed by the betrothal of Catherine's thirteen-year-old daughter Elisabeth to Philip II of Spain. The papal nuncio Salviati observed, "it is only with difficulty that we can imagine there will be offspring ... physicians and those who know him well say that he has an extremely weak constitution and will not live long." Catherine de’ Medici was born in Florence, Italy, in 1519, to Lorenzo de’ Medici, Duke of Urbino and Madeleine de La Tour d’Auvergne, a French noblewoman. [53] The royal army struck back quickly and laid siege to Huguenot-held Rouen. Catherine de' Medici was married to the French King Henry II (1519– 1559) and was mother and regent (one who governs a kingdom in the absence of the real ruler) of three other kings—Francis II (1544–1560), Charles IX (1550–1574), and Henry III (1551–1589). [48] Catherine failed because she saw the religious divide only in political terms. His life was saved by the illness and death of the king, as a result of an infection or an abscess in his ear. Catherine de' Medici (Italian: Caterina de' Medici, pronounced [kateˈriːna de ˈmɛːditʃi]; French: Catherine de Médicis, pronounced [katʁin də medisis]; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589) was an Italian noblewoman. In spite of Henry’s abiding attachment to his mistress Diane de Poitiers, Catherine’s marriage was not unsuccessful and, after 10 anxious years, she bore him 10 children, of whom 4 boys and 3 girls survived. For just $39 per person, (plus beverages, tax, and student support charge), every Saturday night, enjoy a family-style Caesar salad and antipasto, five gourmet pastas—served family-style, and dessert. [118], Beyond portraiture, little is known about the painting at Catherine de' Medici's court. [90] Her role in his government became that of chief executive and roving diplomat. His dying words were "oh, my mother ..." The day before he died, he named Catherine regent, since his brother and heir, Henry the Duke of Anjou, was in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where he had been elected king the year before. The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting. At the meeting of the Estates, Henry thanked Catherine for all she had done. "[124] After Henry II's death, Catherine set out to immortalise her husband's memory and to enhance the grandeur of the Valois monarchy through a series of costly building projects. Historians regard the occasion as an early example of Catherine's statesmanship. [46], Charles IX was nine years old at the time of his coronation, which he cried at. [128] As the centrepiece of an ambitious new chapel, she commissioned a magnificent tomb for Henry at the basilica of Saint Denis. Clement summoned Catherine from her beloved convent to join him in Rome where he greeted her with open arms and tears in his eyes. Henry excluded Catherine from participating in state affairs and instead showered favors on his chief mistress, Diane de Poitiers, who wielded much influence over him. Catherine’s mother died soon after her birth and her father died, a few days after that. [17] When Francis I of France proposed his second son, Henry, Duke of Orléans, in early 1533, Clement jumped at the offer. [16] Suitors, however, lined up for her hand, including James V of Scotland who sent the Duke of Albany to Clement to conclude a marriage in April and November 1530. "Princely Culture and Catherine de Médicis". Catherine de' Medici was born on 13 April 1519 in Florence, Republic of Florence, the only child of Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and his wife, Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, the countess of Boulogne. [119] In the last two decades of her life, only two painters stand out as recognisable personalities: Jean Cousin the Younger (c. 1522 – c. 1594), few of whose works survive, and Antoine Caron (c. 1521 – 1599), who became Catherine's official painter after working at Fontainebleau under Primaticcio. Catherine de’ Medici was the queen consort of Henry II of France (1547–59) and regent of France. A distinctive new art form, the ballet de cour, emerged from these creative advances. [86] Francis died of consumption in June 1584, after a disastrous intervention in the Low Countries during which his army had been massacred. His choice thwarted Catherine's plans for a political marriage to a foreign princess. Others point to the Guise family or a Spanish-papal plot to end Coligny's influence on the king. Caterina de’ Medici as a young woman- Photo credit: Google Images Catherine de’ Medici was a divisive figure during her own time and on into the modern period. This afforded the Calvinists licensed coexistence with specific safeguards. She retreated to her property at Agen and begged her mother for money. Historian Frances Yates has called her "a great creative artist in festivals. Catherine had at least taken the precaution of marrying Margaret, her youngest daughter, to Navarre. D'Aubiac was executed, though not, despite Catherine's wish, in front of Margaret. Caterina de' Medici nume complet:Caterina Maria Romola di Lorenzo de' Medici (n. 13 aprilie 1519 , [3] Florența , Republica Florentină [*] [4] [5] [2] – d. 5 ianuarie 1589 , [2] [3] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Castelul Blois , Franța ) a fost regina Franței și soția regelui Henric al II-lea al Franței , precum și mamă a trei regi aparținând Casei de Valois . Emeritus Professor of Early Modern History, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London. "[98], Henry was unable to fight the Catholics and the Protestants at once, both of whom had stronger armies than his own. Listed works of art included tapestries, hand-drawn maps, sculptures, rich fabrics, ebony furniture inlaid with ivory, sets of china, and Limoges pottery. They formed an alliance with England and seized town after town in France. [18] Clement visited the newlyweds in bed the next morning and added his blessings to the night's proceedings. Nevertheless, popular culture frequently attributes Italian culinary influence and forks in France to Catherine. Book now at Caterina de Medici at The Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, NY. Philip II excused himself from the occasion. [141] Entertaining individuals that appeared to subvert the natural religious order during the most intense period of witch hunting[142] and a time of great religious conflict was therefore an easy way to arouse suspicion. In Seasons Two, Three, and presently in Season Four as Queen Mother, and Queen Dowager Catherine still wears beautiful clothes a… On 8 September 1588 at Blois, where the court had assembled for a meeting of the Estates, Henry dismissed all his ministers without warning. The Medici family were at the time the de facto rulers of Florence: originally bankers, they came to great wealth and power by bankrolling the monarchies of Europe. La piccola fu posta sotto la custodia della nonna paterna, Alfonsina Orsini. La serie su Caterina de’ Medici andrà in onda sulla rete Starz negli Stati Uniti e in Canada, mentre sarà distribuita a livello internazionale su Starzplay in Europa, America Latina e Giappone.
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